Transformation de code

Jest exécute le code de votre projet en tant que JavaScript, mais si vous utilisez une syntaxe qui n'est pas prise en charge par Node (comme JSX, TypeScript, les templates Vue), vous devrez transformer ce code en JavaScript ordinaire, comme vous le feriez lors de la création pour les navigateurs.

Jest supports this via the transform configuration option.

Un transformateur est un module qui fournit une méthode pour transformer les fichiers source. Par exemple, si vous souhaitez pouvoir utiliser une nouvelle fonctionnalité du langage dans vos modules ou tests qui n'est pas encore prise en charge par Node, vous pourriez intégrer un préprocesseur de code qui transposerait une future version de JavaScript dans une version actuelle.

Jest mettra en cache le résultat d'une transformation et tentera d'invalider ce résultat en fonction d'un certain nombre de facteurs, comme la source du fichier transformé et la modification de la configuration.

Defaults

Jest ships with one transformer out of the box – babel-jest. It will load your project's Babel configuration and transform any file matching the /\.[jt]sx?$/ RegExp (in other words, any .js, .jsx, .ts or .tsx file). In addition, babel-jest will inject the Babel plugin necessary for mock hoisting talked about in ES Module mocking.

astuce

Remember to include the default babel-jest transformer explicitly, if you wish to use it alongside with additional code preprocessors:

"transform": {
  "\\.[jt]sx?$": "babel-jest",
  "\\.css$": "some-css-transformer",
}

Écriture de transformateurs personnalisés

Vous pouvez écrire votre propre transformateur. L'API d'un transformateur est la suivante :

interface TransformOptions<TransformerConfig = unknown> {
  supportsDynamicImport: boolean;
  supportsExportNamespaceFrom: boolean;
  /**
   * The value is:
   * - `false` if Jest runs without Node ESM flag `--experimental-vm-modules`
   * - `true` if the file extension is defined in [extensionsToTreatAsEsm](Configuration.md#extensionstotreatasesm-arraystring)
   * and Jest runs with Node ESM flag `--experimental-vm-modules`
   *
   * See more at https://jestjs.io/docs/next/ecmascript-modules
   */
  supportsStaticESM: boolean;
  supportsTopLevelAwait: boolean;
  instrument: boolean;
  /** Cached file system which is used by `jest-runtime` to improve performance. */
  cacheFS: Map<string, string>;
  /** Jest configuration of currently running project. */
  config: ProjectConfig;
  /** Stringified version of the `config` - useful in cache busting. */
  configString: string;
  /** Transformer configuration passed through `transform` option by the user. */
  transformerConfig: TransformerConfig;
}

type TransformedSource = {
  code: string;
  map?: RawSourceMap | string | null;
};

interface SyncTransformer<TransformerConfig = unknown> {
  canInstrument?: boolean;

  getCacheKey?: (
    sourceText: string,
    sourcePath: string,
    options: TransformOptions<TransformerConfig>,
  ) => string;

  getCacheKeyAsync?: (
    sourceText: string,
    sourcePath: string,
    options: TransformOptions<TransformerConfig>,
  ) => Promise<string>;

  process: (
    sourceText: string,
    sourcePath: string,
    options: TransformOptions<TransformerConfig>,
  ) => TransformedSource;

  processAsync?: (
    sourceText: string,
    sourcePath: string,
    options: TransformOptions<TransformerConfig>,
  ) => Promise<TransformedSource>;
}

interface AsyncTransformer<TransformerConfig = unknown> {
  canInstrument?: boolean;

  getCacheKey?: (
    sourceText: string,
    sourcePath: string,
    options: TransformOptions<TransformerConfig>,
  ) => string;

  getCacheKeyAsync?: (
    sourceText: string,
    sourcePath: string,
    options: TransformOptions<TransformerConfig>,
  ) => Promise<string>;

  process?: (
    sourceText: string,
    sourcePath: string,
    options: TransformOptions<TransformerConfig>,
  ) => TransformedSource;

  processAsync: (
    sourceText: string,
    sourcePath: string,
    options: TransformOptions<TransformerConfig>,
  ) => Promise<TransformedSource>;
}

type Transformer<TransformerConfig = unknown> =
  | SyncTransformer<TransformerConfig>
  | AsyncTransformer<TransformerConfig>;

type TransformerCreator<
  X extends Transformer<TransformerConfig>,
  TransformerConfig = unknown,
> = (transformerConfig?: TransformerConfig) => X;

type TransformerFactory<X extends Transformer> = {
  createTransformer: TransformerCreator<X>;
};

remarque

Les définitions ci-dessus ont été réduites par souci de concision. Full code can be found in Jest repo on GitHub (remember to choose the right tag/commit for your version of Jest).

There are a couple of ways you can import code into Jest - using Common JS (require) or ECMAScript Modules (import - which exists in static and dynamic versions). Jest passes files through code transformation on demand (for instance when a require or import is evaluated). This process, also known as "transpilation", might happen synchronously (in the case of require), or asynchronously (in the case of import or import(), the latter of which also works from Common JS modules). For this reason, the interface exposes both pairs of methods for asynchronous and synchronous processes: process{Async} and getCacheKey{Async}. The latter is called to figure out if we need to call process{Async} at all.

Asynchronous transpilation can fall back to the synchronous process call if processAsync is unimplemented, but synchronous transpilation cannot use the asynchronous processAsync call. If your codebase is ESM only, implementing the async variants are sufficient. Otherwise, if any code is loaded through require (including createRequire from within ESM), then you need to implement the synchronous process variant.

Be aware that node_modules is not transpiled with default config, the transformIgnorePatterns setting must be modified in order to do so.

Semi-related to this are the supports flags we pass (see CallerTransformOptions above), but those should be used within the transform to figure out if it should return ESM or CJS, and has no direct bearing on sync vs async

Though not required, we highly recommend implementing getCacheKey as well, so we do not waste resources transpiling when we could have read its previous result from disk. You can use @jest/create-cache-key-function to help implement it.

Instead of having your custom transformer implement the Transformer interface directly, you can choose to export createTransformer, a factory function to dynamically create transformers. This is to allow having a transformer config in your jest config.

remarque

ECMAScript module support is indicated by the passed in supports* options. Specifically supportsDynamicImport: true means the transformer can return import() expressions, which is supported by both ESM and CJS. If supportsStaticESM: true it means top level import statements are supported and the code will be interpreted as ESM and not CJS. See Node's docs for details on the differences.

astuce

Make sure process{Async} method returns source map alongside with transformed code, so it is possible to report line information accurately in code coverage and test errors. Les source maps en ligne fonctionnent également mais sont plus lentes.

During the development of a transformer it can be useful to run Jest with --no-cache to frequently delete cache.

Exemples

TypeScript avec vérification de type

While babel-jest by default will transpile TypeScript files, Babel will not verify the types. If you want that you can use ts-jest.

Transformation des images vers leur chemin

L'importation d'images est un moyen de les inclure dans le paquet de votre navigateur, mais elles ne sont pas du JavaScript valide. Une façon de le gérer dans Jest est de remplacer la valeur importée par son nom de fichier.

fileTransformer.js

const path = require('path');

module.exports = {
  process(sourceText, sourcePath, options) {
    return {
      code: `module.exports = ${JSON.stringify(path.basename(sourcePath))};`,
    };
  },
};

jest.config.js

module.exports = {
  transform: {
    '\\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|eot|otf|webp|svg|ttf|woff|woff2|mp4|webm|wav|mp3|m4a|aac|oga)$':
      '<rootDir>/fileTransformer.js',
  },
};